The Rulership Book by Rex Bills lists:
conscience: Sun, (Pluto)
conscientiousness: Saturn, Sun, (Jupiter)Saturn is what you're looking for. It builds the ethical willingness to adhere to limits and make things right (though not always with an outwardly willing ego).
Some conditions of the Sun can add to this, especially with Saturn or in combinations (not necessarily direct aspects) with Mercury/Virgo (the sign most given to conscientiousness), Jupiter/Sagittarius (the intellectual conscience, ala Noam Chomsky), Neptune/Pisces (the trans-personal/spiritual conscience).
But these are only factors of potential. Early life training has more to do with it than any astrological factor or set of factors.
It is my view that real conscience and intuition are very much intertwined. We're used to thinking of conscience as a nagging cognitive internal parent. However, this can be a very flawed internal function that leads one straight into guilt and shame -- wrong. Conscience in my view is a spiritual nose for the heart of the matter, a compass -- notice we refer to someone's "moral compass" -- a compass-ion.
Compass-ion - the compass to find the golden rule position. That cannot be pinned to a single astrological factor. It has to do with how you bring all the energies of the planets into a balance.
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"Drift like a cloud and flow like water, seeing that all life is a magnificent illusion, a playing of energy, and there is absolutely nothing fundamentally to be afraid of." -- Alan Watts
Soul Stars Astrology by The Declinations Guy
Expert Rectification