posted December 19, 2007 03:55 AM              

The crowd who attempts to equate the KKK..which was mostly regional and southern to the institutionalized caste system of India which is accepted across the entire spectrum of Indian society. This same crowd professes to see Bush as a murderer...while at the same time excusing Saddam, excusing the murders in India and excusing the murder of Iraqi citizens by terrorists...who are their Muslim brothers and sisters.

The only thing one learns from these disciples of equivocation is that they are no friend of representative government, the rule of law, equality, the United States or Americans.

"

1 ) it is not acepted against the broad spectrum of indian society.
there are no castes in muslim, jain, sikh, parsee ets and other minro indian communities.

2) try meeting atleast at least one indian in person before u judge a nation of B* ll Sh*i

3) spend a week atleast among my dalit friends who for eg. are making fat money for spreaking in an american accent.
tell them how sad their plight is

posted December 19, 2007 03:57 AM              

"

kindly lay down ur list of criteria that declare a person civilised .

or a country

since u have as many of the same crimes as we have

rapes
murders
mafia activity
drug trafficking
human trafficking

especially involving the economically deprived coloured races of america i wonder if U qualify as a civilised country ?

posted December 19, 2007 03:58 AM              

since 25 % of paedophile tourism comes from Americans

since only 50 Million dont have access to healthcare and if they land up at a hospital sick and bleeding they land right back at the curb
18000 of them die from lack of medical treatment every year

since 500000 children go missing annualy in thin air while the public is ooohing at the latest pics of Shiloh

since the taxpayer money finances 80% of Pak Army salaries to keep Gen Musharraf and his military dictatorship in power that is basically enslaving the pak people , who get murderd, tortured yadayada by the army .utake from here JW

what exactly does civilised mean ?

"
no nation which uses "institutionalized" murder, torture, rape and every other means of oppression against a sizable portion of it's citizenry is in fact...a civilized society or culture.

"

what part of ur brain thinks it is ""institutionalized" .
it is not by the constitution, or the govt, or the majority of the people.
the hindu religion created the caste system as an HR exercise, dividing people into tiers as per their occupations like in an organisation.
some skunks misinterpreted the code and abused to their benefits.
a faith is not an " institution"

are the Commandments of Moses an Institution ?

dont u also overlook the barbarism that was suffered by the Natives and Blacks ?
or the plight of Min Wage earners ?

posted December 19, 2007 04:17 AM              

http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/usa/race/

Race and Incarceration in the United States
Human Rights Watch Press Backgrounder
February 27, 2002

In this briefing, we present new figures documenting racial disparities state-by-state in the incarceration of African Americans and Latinos.1 We hope they will help state residents and public officials to understand their state-specific incarceration patterns and practices.

Two years ago, drawing on data from thirty-seven states, Human Rights Watch documented racial disparities in the incarceration of state drug offenders.2 Since most drug offenders are convicted of state law violations, our state-by-state analysis provided an important insight into the consequences of state policies that were masked by the more commonly available aggregate national data.

The current briefing is a continuation of our effort to illuminate state-by-state the racial impact of the criminal justice system. Using data gathered by the U.S. Census Bureau for the Census 2000,3 we have been able to develop a series of charts that constitute the first published snapshot of the extent to which whites, blacks and Hispanics in each state are behind bars. These are the most up-to-date figures available based on actual correctional facility counts.

The figures reveal the continuing, extraordinary magnitude of minority incarceration and the stark disparity in their rates of incarceration compared to those of whites. Out of a total population of 1,976,019 incarcerated in adult facilities, 1,239,946 or 63 percent are black or Latino, though these two groups constitute only 25 percent of the national population.4 The figures also demonstrate significant differences among the states in the extent of racial disparities.

Key Findings:

Incarceration of Blacks

· In twelve states, between 10 and 15 percent of adult black men are incarcerated.

· In ten states, between 5 and 10 percent of black adults are incarcerated.

· In twelve states, black men are incarcerated at rates between twelve and sixteen times greater than those of white men.

· In fifteen states, black women are incarcerated at rates between ten and thirty-five times greater than those of white women.

· In six states, black youth under age eighteen are incarcerated in adult facilities at rates between twelve and twenty-five times greater than those of white youth.
Incarceration of Hispanics

· In nine states, between 4 and nearly 8 percent of adult Latino men are incarcerated.

· In twelve states, between 2 and 4 percent of Hispanic adults (men and women) are incarcerated.

· In ten states, Latino men are incarcerated at rates between five and nine times greater than those of white men.

· In eight states, Latina women are incarcerated rates that are between four and seven times greater than those of white women.

· In four states, Hispanic youth under age eighteen are incarcerated in adult facilities at rates between seven and seventeen times greater than those of white youth.

In this briefing, we do not analyze the diverse reasons for these troubling statistics. Crime rates, law enforcement priorities, sentencing legislation and other factors play a role in creating racial disparities in incarceration. For example, penal policies instituted to control crime have exacerbated longstanding racial disparities in the criminal justice system.5 Sentences for violent crimes have been substantially increased through the passage of mandatory minimum sentencing laws, "three strikes" laws, and truth in sentencing laws that require inmates to serve 85 percent of their sentences. Because blacks constitute a large percentage among those arrested for violent crimes (45 percent-a proportion that has not changed significantly over the years), they are disproportionately affected by the longer sentences.6

Blacks have also been disproportionately affected by the national "war on drugs", carried out primarily through the arrest, prosecution and imprisonment of street level drug offenders from inner city communities. In 1996, for example, blacks constituted 62.6 percent of all drug offenders admitted to state prisons. In at least fifteen states, black men were sent to prison on drug charges at rates ranging from twenty to fifty-seven times those of white men.7 Blacks are prosecuted in federal courts more frequently than whites for crack cocaine offenses, and thus as a group have felt the effects of the longer sentences for crack versus powder cocaine mandated in federal law. Racial profiling and other forms of unequal treatment of minorities by the criminal justice system have further contributed to the overrepresentation of minorities in the incarcerated population. Minority youth are treated far more harshly compared to similarly situated white counterparts within the juvenile criminal justice system.8

As the charts in this update reveal, there are striking differences among the states in the degree of variations of racial disparities in incarceration. State criminal justice and law enforcement policies clearly play a role in creating these differences. Demographics are important as well. Some of the greatest racial disparities in rates of incarceration occur in states in which minorities are concentrated in urban areas, which tend to have both higher rates of crime and greater law enforcement activity.

The high and disproportionate rate of minority incarceration in the U.S., particularly that of blacks, is a grave challenge to the country. Last year, the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights warned that racial inequalities in the criminal justice system threatened to negate fifty years of hard-fought civil right progress.9 While incarceration rates reflect many race-neutral factors, racial bias or sheer indifference to the fate of minority communities has surely contributed to the development and persistence of such racially disparate rates of incarceration. States have choices in the means by which they promote community well-being and protect public safety; the choices made in recent years have levied a particularly high cost on minority communities.

posted December 19, 2007 04:19 AM              

USA - Interracial crime at a glance and statistics.

In the United States, when it comes to race relations, much is said about white racism, which gives the illusion of Euro-american as a violent and threatening community. Yet this is a deceiving and prejudiced picture. A simple glance at the interracial figures show that European Americans are often targeted for interracial crimes while they seldom practice it.

Based on the victimization survey of the US Bureau of Justice, it is possible to make an fairly accurate estimate of the magnitude of interracial crime by converting into numbers the percentages given on two statistical tables: table 42 -Distribution of single-offender victimizations, based on race of victims, by type of crime and perceived race of offender and table 48: Distribution of multiple-offender victimizations, by type of crime, race of victims and perceived race of offender. We can also use some figures from the FBI UCR Crime reports.Doing this shows that in 2002 while there was, according to the FBI UCR report, about 1 700 White on Black hate crimes, there were nearly 2 million Black on White crimes. Yet, while the statistics for hate crimes receive extensive media coverage, the statistics for interracial crimes are rarely mentionned. this is what leads to a mistaken and stereotyped vision of Euro-Americans and the way they relate to people of other races.

outnumber White on Black interracial crime. Oddly, while "white racism", about 1700 crimes, is often used to justify Black people resentment and agressivity toward Whites, White people are not suppose to feel a thing or the slightest resentment for the ceaseless racial violence of which they are the target.

posted December 19, 2007 08:36 AM              

since approx 800000 children go missing every year of whom 10000 are not found multiply that with 20 years u get a reasonable number to compete with our infanticide cases.
and yes crimes against women ( including colored) are neck to neck with our dowry death figures.

posted December 19, 2007 08:44 AM              

By: N. Manohara Prasad

source:http://www.dalitindia.org/reservation/RsEvo.htm

India appears to be the only State, to have Committed the Nation Constitutionally, to Social Justice and Reservations. That important was Social Justice, to the Founding Fathers of the Nation, and equally so to the Framers of the Constitution. It still is as it was in the 40s, and will be even so for a long time to go. For, this is a Nation of Contradictions, with a very long and continuous history of Exploitations, tradition of Oppressions, millenniums of Socio-Economic Slavery, and a totally silent and long drawn continuum of unspoken Apartheid, that won’t yield and loosen its grips so easily or by anyway early.

The Preamble of the Constitution of India, apart from Speaking about the universal liberal concepts of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, promises Justice – Justice Social, Economic and Political to all ….

No other Country, and no Constitution has so specifically and that explicitly provided for Social Justice, that too right in the Preamble. Then, in the Chapter on Fundamental Rights, very specific Provisions have been made for Reservations. That is also further reaffirmed, in many other Provisions elsewhere in the Constitution. And, India is the only Nation with specific Reservations in the Elections to the Parliament, to specific Groups of People – the SCs&STs.

Reservations, have a long history in this Country.

AWAKENING OF THE BACKWARD CLASSES

Jyothibha Phule was the unique and first individual to observe the socio-economic and cultural exploitations and marginalisation of large sections of the People by the State and its Rulers, spoken against them publicly and openly, and sought a Change. He was thus a great Pioneer in the Country. And he sought for all and every Section of People, their Shares in Education, Benefits derived and flowing out of State Funds, and in the Affairs of the State.

Mahatma Phule pointed to the irrational expenditures from the Public Exchequer, in maintaining Temples and Feeding the lazy parasitic stupid brahmins, leaving almost nothing for the Welfare and the Good or Development of the People.

Mahatma Phule went ahead, to start his own Schools for non-brahmins and girls. Thus he sowed the seeds of Education for all and particularly to Girls and Women.

RESERVATIONS IN THE THEN MADRAS PRESIDENCY, AND THE PRINCELY STATES LIKE MYSORE AND KOLHAPUR

1. THE PRINCELY STATE OF KOLHAPUR

As a Result of Jyothibha Phule’s Works, Reservations were Introduced in 1902, in the State of Kolhapur, by the then King – Sahu Maharaj, though his Cabinet Protested.

The brahmins like Tilak, claiming themselves to be Social and Political Leaders, and going around, arrogantly behaving calling themselves to be the Indian Bourgeoisie, protested. Sahu Maharaj pointed out to them, the need necessity and States Responsibility to Develop the Backward Communities, especially the Criminal Tribes like the Baeds, Nayaks, Pindars, who considered killing one Tilak Bearer, was equal to the Good Deed of Feeding Hundred People!

Reservations were then introduced, in the neighbouring States of Mysore, Madras and Bombay Presidency, and also in Cochin and Trivandrum. Those Reservations were the Reasons for the overall Development, Literacy, Education, Efficiency, and Economic Progress of the Southern States.

2. PRINCELY STATE OF MYSORE

The History and Evolution of Reservations in the Princely State of Mysore, is interesting. Reservations in the State in Independent India, and Post State Reorganisation Karnataka had seen many the ups and downs and Road Blocks, and in the process contributed to the evolving future of Social Justice in the Country and World!

British took over the Reins of the State of Mysore, in 1831, after the Fall of Tippu Sultan in Srirangapatnam. British ruled Mysore directly, till 1881. A Representative Assembly was Constituted for the Mysore State, after Rendition of the State to the King. That was the first State Assembly and Legislative in the Country.

After the Rendition of the State of Mysore to the King, a Dewan was Appointed to Assist the Mysore King. It so happened that all the Dewans appointed in the initial years were only from the then larger Madras Presidency – Tamil or Telugu brahmins. That was naturally an irritant, and the Mysore brahmins, resented that domination of the brahmins from Madras Presidency, in the affairs of the Princely Mysore State everywhere – in the Services, Appointments, and Education. The Tamil and Telugu brahmins were there everywhere, especially in Maharaja’s College, Mysore.

The Maharaja of Mysore, in 1910, conceded the Demands of Mysore brahmins, and Appointed Visweshvaraiya a brahmin Engineer of Mysore, as the first Dewan from Mysore. This in turn opened the gates of domination by the Mysore brahmins – 100% in higher services, and 82% in all jobs.

Representations to the Mysore brahmins, their growth and domination in all the State Services and Education, gave raise to strong Voices of Protest by many of the then Backward Classes, and Claims for Reservation to BCs. The Lingayats, Muslims, Mudaliars, Veera Saivas and Vokkaligas were in the forefront of the Demand for such Reservations. In fact, they Demanded an end to all brahmin Monopoly.

Important Backward Castes, had in fact, started in 1905 Veera Saiva Education Society, and their Mutts opened their Schools; and in 1906 Vokkaliga Sangha started their own Schools and Hostels. The King also ordered opening of Non-Vegetarian Messes in Govt Colleges and Hostels. This small step, went to a long extent in greatly helping the meat eating backward classes to have higher education.

Having conceded the demands of Mysore brahmins for Representation in Services, and Appointment of Visweshvaraiya as Diwan, the King saw no Reason in denying the Demands, and refusing Reservations to Backward Classes. The King, in 1918 Appointed Millers Committee, headed by Mr Miller, Chief Justice of the High Court of Mysore to look into the Claims of BCs. In protest, Vishwesvaraiya resigned from his position as Dewan. Miller after examining the Demands of BCs, in his Report submitted in 1919, Recommended Reservations for the BCs.

CJ Miller Recommended –

1. Seventy-five percent Reservations

2. Time Bound Target to Achieve at least 50% share of Jobs to BCs!

3. Appointments not on the basis of Marks, but on the crucially important Characteristics of Sincerity, Honesty, Courage and Compassion

4. Fellowships and Scholarships for BC Students

5. Free Sites and Land grants for Schools and Hostels

The Maharaja agreed with the Chief Justice Miller, and provided Reservations for the BCs. The BCs in Mysore then meant, everyone other than the BAEs – brahmins, Anglo-Indians and Europeans. Muslims also got the Reservations. And the Reservations provided for the Muslims in Mysore, continues in Karnataka till date, though it is made to appear a very big Controversial Issue, elsewhere in other States in the Country today.

The Reservations for BCs so upset the brahmins, that even the Representative of Mysore brahmins Vishwesvaraiya, in Protest, resigned and left his Office of Dewan of Mysore.

The Reservations for the Backward Classes, brought about considerable changes in the social fabric of the then Mysore State. It rightly loosened the Grips of the brahmins, to a considerable extent. But, it sadly benefited powerful backward classes like the Vokkaligas, who took large and undue benefits from the Reservations for the BCs. Added to that, in the Name of Economic Backwardness, influential brahmin communities with the right connections, and powerful BCs with good contacts and better influences forged ahead, particularly during the Decades of Planned Developments, after Independence. These distorted and skewed Developments, created a lot of Social Unrest in the State with the Most Backward Classes, demanding Justice.

With Reorganisation of the States in 1956, Karnataka was formed by amalgamating the Five different Regions of Kodagu, Madras Karnataka, Hyderabad Karnataka, and Bombay Karnataka with the old Princely Mysore State. That required many Administrative Adjustments. Those, and other Interventions of the Courts like that in Balaji Case Judgement, had badly and sadly derailed the journey towards Social Justice, and stalled the overall Development of an Equitable and Egalitarian Society in Karnataka.

The Chief Minister of Karnataka, Devraj Urs in 1972, constituted the first Backward Classes Commission – Havanur Commission.

Havanur Commission had Judicial Powers, to –

1. call and summon anyone and take evidence

2. examine any document

Havanur submitted the Commission’s Report in 1975, and said that Reservation –

1. is not for full Employment

2. is not a Programme to Abolish Poverty

Havanur Commission said that, the only Objective of Reservation is to Provide Representations to Backward Classes, for ensuring Participation and achieving Equality between Castes, and providing Jobs for all the Communities and Castes.

If the Royal Millers Committee of Princely State of Mysore, headed by the Chief Justice was the first in a State, Havanur Commission had clearly brought out, stated, and established the basis and foundations, on which are laid out the Principles, on which the entire edifice of Reservations Raise!

3. MADRAS PRESIDENCY

Mahatma Jyothibha Phule’s Pioneering Work, had its impact beyond his State, and created Waves of Ripples all over the Country, particularly in the Southern States and the adjoining Bombay Presidency.

The Non-brahmin Movement in the Madras Presidency, grew into a very big powerful Social and Political Force. The Non-brahmin Movement in the Madras Presidency, was then spearheaded by the Justice Party of Madras Presidency. They were all along agitating against the brahmin Domination in the State. Realising the Monopoly of the brahmins in Education and Jobs under the British Rule, they started to Demand for the Shares of Non-brahmins in Education and Jobs.

The Works of Justice Party of Madras Presidency, had its wide impact on the People. Hence, when the Provincial Elections were held in the Country, it was the Justice Party that won the Elections in Madras Presidency.

The Madras Presidency, then spanned virtually the whole of Southern India – covering many parts of the present day Kerala and Karnataka, almost the whole of the present State of Tamil Nadu, most Parts of Andhra’s Rayala Seema Area and the whole of the Coastal Area then stretching into the present day Orissa up to Berhampur.

The Justice Party, which won the Elections in Madras Presidency, assumed Power of Provincial Governance in the Presidency, on 17th December 1920. Making use of the Political and Administrative Power of Governance in their hands, the Justice Party issued a GO No 613 on 16th September 1921. That GO of Madras, popularly known as the Madras Communal GO, apportioned all available Opportunities – full 100 Percent, under the Control of the Provincial Government, amongst all the identified Block of Communities. The No of Jobs and Percentage of the Share apportioned, to the identified Communities, in a block of 12 Jobs were –

1. Non-brahmin hindus 5 Opportunities 44 Percent

2. The brahmins 2 Opportunities 16 Percent

3. Muslims 2 Opportunities 16 Percent

4. Anglo-Indians and - -

Christians

5. Depressed Castes (SCs) 1 Opportunity 8 Percent

Total Jobs 12 Opportunities 100 Percent

One can see that the brahmins got an high percentage of Opportunities – 16%, but were definitely confined to only 2 out of 12 Jobs, or one sixth of the Opportunities. That was naturally, very strongly resented by the predatory brahmins, and the Implementation of the GO was effectively blocked by them from being enforced. However, they had to ultimately yield later, and the GO was enforced in 1929. Implementation of this Roster of Opportunities during the 30s and 40s, opened up the Gates of Opportunities to many Non-brahmin Communities, but sadly resulted in a few dominant non-brahmin castes with wealth riches facilities advantages and their own powers, monopolising most of the Opportunities of Education and Jobs, for the Non-brahmin hindus.

Periyar EV Ramasamy Naicker, or Periyar EV Ramasamy, popularly known as EVeyRa, or EVR or Periyar, or Periyar EVR, or as EVR Periyar highlighted this new monopoly, and made a powerful Demand to allocate separate Share to the hindu Backward Castes. At last, in 1947, during the Time of the then Premier of the Madras Presidency – Omandur P Ramasamy Reddy, a friend of EVR Periyar, who held Periyar in high Esteem and Regard, Periyar EVR had his way.

A new Communal GO was issued in 1947, apportioning all the Positions afresh, in a Block of 14 Positions, to Six Categories of identified Communities –

1. Non-brahmin hindus 6 Positions 44 Percent

2. Backward Caste hindus 2 Positions 14 Percent

3. The brahmins 2 Positions 14 Percent

4. Depressed Castes (SCs) 2 Positions 14 Percent

5. Anglo-Indians and 1 Position 7 Percent

Christians

6. Muslims 1 Position 7 Percent

Total Jobs 14 Positions 100 Percent

Then also, it could be seen that, the brahmins got an high percentage of Opportunities – 14%, and they along with the Non-brahmin hindus, as a block of DCHs got away with a very high 58 % – 14 plus 44 percent. But they were all confined to only 8 Positions, 2+6 Positions out of 14 Positions, or more than half of the available Opportunities. Now it is the same 2% brahmins and their other 7 % DCH Friends and Lawyers, who are protesting and fighting against Reservations, particularly that for the OBCs, and demanding an unreasonable Cap of 50% to all Reservations. So unjust unreasonable and intolerable are the brahmins and the DCHs.

It was that Communal GO, which saw some SCs adorn High Offices and Positions, such as the Mayors of the Corporation of Madras, and in many other Important Positions, in the then Madras Presidency.

It was that same GO, which was Challenged in the Champagam vs State of Madras, and was Struck Down by the High Court of Madras, and the same negation was also upheld by the
Apex Court
in Delhi. The Case was that, a Girl named Champagam could not get a Medical Seat to get Admission in a Medical College for a MBBS Course in the State of Madras.

Interestingly, the Case Champagam vs State of Madras, was not filed by the concerned girl Champagam at all. But, it was done by the intolerant brahmin communities. It was that Intolerance of the brahmin communities, the brahmin leaders, the brahmin advocates and lawyers, the brahmin courts, and the brahmin judges, which Resulted in the First Constitutional Amendment, right in the Year 1951 itself. That, to the Constitution of India, adopted so solemnly with lots of Promises to the People of India, only on the 26th November 1949, and brought into right effect and Force wef 26th January 1950. Thus we see a clear pattern and sequence, in the series of brahmin intolerances, chain of subversive activities, and brahmanic sabotage against all the Social Development, Educational Progress, and Economic Growth of the Nation. Then, there can be no Doubt for the overall Backwardness of the Country.

Here we must also Note that, a similar Problem of a DCH handicapped MBBS Doctor, not Managing an Admission to an MD Course of Studies in Gujarat, triggered the Caste and anti-Reservation Protests in Gujarat, and other neighbouring States in the Eighties.

Those Anti-Reservation Protests ended, only with the shock waves produced by Meenakshipuram Conversions in Tamil Nadu, where a Couple of Families, both Men Women and Children, fed up with the caste hindu intolerance oppression and atrocities converted themselves to Islam, and became free Muslims. That, in fact reportedly spurred the then Prime Minister of India, Mrs Indira Gandhi, who had earlier empathised openly with the DCH Doctor, and the anti-Reservation Agitation; and had reportedly observed that Reservation is a Crutch, and that it had gone too far; to wakeup, and get into action. Thus, the then Prime Minister of India, Mrs Indira Gandhi, was forced to come out, at least in the Public, on to the sides of SCs and STs, and stand behind the Reservations for SCs&STs. Not only that, but it is reported that she called up many heads of the Religious Matts to do something for the SC&ST Dalits to keep them trapped within the so called hindu influence and under the brahmin control, and not let them go out towards the Muslims, or even the ways of Baba Saheb Dr BR Ambedkar. She feared that, while the first would strengthen the Pan-Islamic Movement across the World, the later would do more damage in weakening the brahmin power and survival. This had made many hindu religious matts take up some social health and educational programmes for SC&ST Dalits, with State Funds under the cover of promoting Peoples Movements, Voluntary Organisations and NGOs. Sadly that had not only kept the SC&ST Dalits, but many BCs also trapped under the control of brahmins with a dangerous fascist fundamental agenda, specially directed against all Minorities, particularly against the helpless poor Muslims in the Country.

The situation now appears to be very hopeless for the SC&ST Dalits, what with the widening differences between the SC Dalits and ST Dalits; the gaps between significant groups of ST Dalits in different States developing into big gulfs; dangerous cracks appearing amongst various ST Dalit Groups within various States; and the unsavoury rifts between adjacent SC Dalit Groups even in Cities and right in the Work Places, Govt Offices and Educational Institutions. Added to that are the deliberate silent steps taken by the DCH Officials Politicians, Political Parties to weaken Reservations and turn it redundant. Increasing Liberalisation Privatisation, in the name of Globalisation, Opening up of the Economy, and Structural Readjustment; dismantling of PSUs, Banks, Insurance, Industries etc; shrinking Employment in the Public Domain; and restricting Reservations and its Scope with various black negative Orders and Court Decisions.

The above are all big threats no doubt, but are also potential Opportunities to Mobilise and Rally the SC&ST Dalits around Baba Saheb Dr Ambedkar’s Ideology. The present helpless situation offers a big opportunity for the SC&ST Dalits, to realise and rightly understand in full, the brahmin subversions and sabotages. The SC&ST Dalits thus have an opportunity to get enlightened, and free themselves away from the brahmanic controls. Can the SC&ST Dalits then emerge free, with an alternate agenda as a powerful political force on their own, with natural alliances with like minded backward classes like the MBCs and backward marginalised Minorities? In any case the contradictions amongst the DCHs, specially between the brahmins and vaishyas for domination, the competition for wealth between the vaishyas and kshatriyas, the antagonism over share in administration amongst the brhmins and the kayasths are unbridgeable, and are bound to burst out. That would throw out all the SC&ST Dalits, off on their own separate course with the MBCs and Minorities. That is inevitable. How the SC&ST Dalits, MBCs and Minorities are going to manage the Reservations, and the Movement towards Social Justice, Equity to begin with and Equality ultimately, brushing aside the selfish elements amongst themselves, only time will tell!

posted December 19, 2007 08:45 AM              

By: N. Manohara Prasad

source:http://www.dalitindia.org/reservation/RsEvo.htm

India appears to be the only State, to have Committed the Nation Constitutionally, to Social Justice and Reservations. That important was Social Justice, to the Founding Fathers of the Nation, and equally so to the Framers of the Constitution. It still is as it was in the 40s, and will be even so for a long time to go. For, this is a Nation of Contradictions, with a very long and continuous history of Exploitations, tradition of Oppressions, millenniums of Socio-Economic Slavery, and a totally silent and long drawn continuum of unspoken Apartheid, that won’t yield and loosen its grips so easily or by anyway early.

The Preamble of the Constitution of India, apart from Speaking about the universal liberal concepts of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, promises Justice – Justice Social, Economic and Political to all ….

No other Country, and no Constitution has so specifically and that explicitly provided for Social Justice, that too right in the Preamble. Then, in the Chapter on Fundamental Rights, very specific Provisions have been made for Reservations. That is also further reaffirmed, in many other Provisions elsewhere in the Constitution. And, India is the only Nation with specific Reservations in the Elections to the Parliament, to specific Groups of People – the SCs&STs.

Reservations, have a long history in this Country.

AWAKENING OF THE BACKWARD CLASSES

Jyothibha Phule was the unique and first individual to observe the socio-economic and cultural exploitations and marginalisation of large sections of the People by the State and its Rulers, spoken against them publicly and openly, and sought a Change. He was thus a great Pioneer in the Country. And he sought for all and every Section of People, their Shares in Education, Benefits derived and flowing out of State Funds, and in the Affairs of the State.

Mahatma Phule pointed to the irrational expenditures from the Public Exchequer, in maintaining Temples and Feeding the lazy parasitic stupid brahmins, leaving almost nothing for the Welfare and the Good or Development of the People.

Mahatma Phule went ahead, to start his own Schools for non-brahmins and girls. Thus he sowed the seeds of Education for all and particularly to Girls and Women.

RESERVATIONS IN THE THEN MADRAS PRESIDENCY, AND THE PRINCELY STATES LIKE MYSORE AND KOLHAPUR

1. THE PRINCELY STATE OF KOLHAPUR

As a Result of Jyothibha Phule’s Works, Reservations were Introduced in 1902, in the State of Kolhapur, by the then King – Sahu Maharaj, though his Cabinet Protested.

The brahmins like Tilak, claiming themselves to be Social and Political Leaders, and going around, arrogantly behaving calling themselves to be the Indian Bourgeoisie, protested. Sahu Maharaj pointed out to them, the need necessity and States Responsibility to Develop the Backward Communities, especially the Criminal Tribes like the Baeds, Nayaks, Pindars, who considered killing one Tilak Bearer, was equal to the Good Deed of Feeding Hundred People!

Reservations were then introduced, in the neighbouring States of Mysore, Madras and Bombay Presidency, and also in Cochin and Trivandrum. Those Reservations were the Reasons for the overall Development, Literacy, Education, Efficiency, and Economic Progress of the Southern States.

2. PRINCELY STATE OF MYSORE

The History and Evolution of Reservations in the Princely State of Mysore, is interesting. Reservations in the State in Independent India, and Post State Reorganisation Karnataka had seen many the ups and downs and Road Blocks, and in the process contributed to the evolving future of Social Justice in the Country and World!

British took over the Reins of the State of Mysore, in 1831, after the Fall of Tippu Sultan in Srirangapatnam. British ruled Mysore directly, till 1881. A Representative Assembly was Constituted for the Mysore State, after Rendition of the State to the King. That was the first State Assembly and Legislative in the Country.

After the Rendition of the State of Mysore to the King, a Dewan was Appointed to Assist the Mysore King. It so happened that all the Dewans appointed in the initial years were only from the then larger Madras Presidency – Tamil or Telugu brahmins. That was naturally an irritant, and the Mysore brahmins, resented that domination of the brahmins from Madras Presidency, in the affairs of the Princely Mysore State everywhere – in the Services, Appointments, and Education. The Tamil and Telugu brahmins were there everywhere, especially in Maharaja’s College, Mysore.

The Maharaja of Mysore, in 1910, conceded the Demands of Mysore brahmins, and Appointed Visweshvaraiya a brahmin Engineer of Mysore, as the first Dewan from Mysore. This in turn opened the gates of domination by the Mysore brahmins – 100% in higher services, and 82% in all jobs.

Representations to the Mysore brahmins, their growth and domination in all the State Services and Education, gave raise to strong Voices of Protest by many of the then Backward Classes, and Claims for Reservation to BCs. The Lingayats, Muslims, Mudaliars, Veera Saivas and Vokkaligas were in the forefront of the Demand for such Reservations. In fact, they Demanded an end to all brahmin Monopoly.

Important Backward Castes, had in fact, started in 1905 Veera Saiva Education Society, and their Mutts opened their Schools; and in 1906 Vokkaliga Sangha started their own Schools and Hostels. The King also ordered opening of Non-Vegetarian Messes in Govt Colleges and Hostels. This small step, went to a long extent in greatly helping the meat eating backward classes to have higher education.

Having conceded the demands of Mysore brahmins for Representation in Services, and Appointment of Visweshvaraiya as Diwan, the King saw no Reason in denying the Demands, and refusing Reservations to Backward Classes. The King, in 1918 Appointed Millers Committee, headed by Mr Miller, Chief Justice of the High Court of Mysore to look into the Claims of BCs. In protest, Vishwesvaraiya resigned from his position as Dewan. Miller after examining the Demands of BCs, in his Report submitted in 1919, Recommended Reservations for the BCs.

CJ Miller Recommended –

1. Seventy-five percent Reservations

2. Time Bound Target to Achieve at least 50% share of Jobs to BCs!

3. Appointments not on the basis of Marks, but on the crucially important Characteristics of Sincerity, Honesty, Courage and Compassion

4. Fellowships and Scholarships for BC Students

5. Free Sites and Land grants for Schools and Hostels

The Maharaja agreed with the Chief Justice Miller, and provided Reservations for the BCs. The BCs in Mysore then meant, everyone other than the BAEs – brahmins, Anglo-Indians and Europeans. Muslims also got the Reservations. And the Reservations provided for the Muslims in Mysore, continues in Karnataka till date, though it is made to appear a very big Controversial Issue, elsewhere in other States in the Country today.

The Reservations for BCs so upset the brahmins, that even the Representative of Mysore brahmins Vishwesvaraiya, in Protest, resigned and left his Office of Dewan of Mysore.

The Reservations for the Backward Classes, brought about considerable changes in the social fabric of the then Mysore State. It rightly loosened the Grips of the brahmins, to a considerable extent. But, it sadly benefited powerful backward classes like the Vokkaligas, who took large and undue benefits from the Reservations for the BCs. Added to that, in the Name of Economic Backwardness, influential brahmin communities with the right connections, and powerful BCs with good contacts and better influences forged ahead, particularly during the Decades of Planned Developments, after Independence. These distorted and skewed Developments, created a lot of Social Unrest in the State with the Most Backward Classes, demanding Justice.

With Reorganisation of the States in 1956, Karnataka was formed by amalgamating the Five different Regions of Kodagu, Madras Karnataka, Hyderabad Karnataka, and Bombay Karnataka with the old Princely Mysore State. That required many Administrative Adjustments. Those, and other Interventions of the Courts like that in Balaji Case Judgement, had badly and sadly derailed the journey towards Social Justice, and stalled the overall Development of an Equitable and Egalitarian Society in Karnataka.

The Chief Minister of Karnataka, Devraj Urs in 1972, constituted the first Backward Classes Commission – Havanur Commission.

Havanur Commission had Judicial Powers, to –

1. call and summon anyone and take evidence

2. examine any document

Havanur submitted the Commission’s Report in 1975, and said that Reservation –

1. is not for full Employment

2. is not a Programme to Abolish Poverty

posted December 19, 2007 08:45 AM              

If the Royal Millers Committee of Princely State of Mysore, headed by the Chief Justice was the first in a State, Havanur Commission had clearly brought out, stated, and established the basis and foundations, on which are laid out the Principles, on which the entire edifice of Reservations Raise!

3. MADRAS PRESIDENCY

Mahatma Jyothibha Phule’s Pioneering Work, had its impact beyond his State, and created Waves of Ripples all over the Country, particularly in the Southern States and the adjoining Bombay Presidency.

The Non-brahmin Movement in the Madras Presidency, grew into a very big powerful Social and Political Force. The Non-brahmin Movement in the Madras Presidency, was then spearheaded by the Justice Party of Madras Presidency. They were all along agitating against the brahmin Domination in the State. Realising the Monopoly of the brahmins in Education and Jobs under the British Rule, they started to Demand for the Shares of Non-brahmins in Education and Jobs.

The Works of Justice Party of Madras Presidency, had its wide impact on the People. Hence, when the Provincial Elections were held in the Country, it was the Justice Party that won the Elections in Madras Presidency.

The Madras Presidency, then spanned virtually the whole of Southern India – covering many parts of the present day Kerala and Karnataka, almost the whole of the present State of Tamil Nadu, most Parts of Andhra’s Rayala Seema Area and the whole of the Coastal Area then stretching into the present day Orissa up to Berhampur.

The Justice Party, which won the Elections in Madras Presidency, assumed Power of Provincial Governance in the Presidency, on 17th December 1920. Making use of the Political and Administrative Power of Governance in their hands, the Justice Party issued a GO No 613 on 16th September 1921. That GO of Madras, popularly known as the Madras Communal GO, apportioned all available Opportunities – full 100 Percent, under the Control of the Provincial Government, amongst all the identified Block of Communities. The No of Jobs and Percentage of the Share apportioned, to the identified Communities, in a block of 12 Jobs were –

1. Non-brahmin hindus 5 Opportunities 44 Percent

2. The brahmins 2 Opportunities 16 Percent

3. Muslims 2 Opportunities 16 Percent

4. Anglo-Indians and - -

Christians

5. Depressed Castes (SCs) 1 Opportunity 8 Percent

Total Jobs 12 Opportunities 100 Percent

One can see that the brahmins got an high percentage of Opportunities – 16%, but were definitely confined to only 2 out of 12 Jobs, or one sixth of the Opportunities. That was naturally, very strongly resented by the predatory brahmins, and the Implementation of the GO was effectively blocked by them from being enforced. However, they had to ultimately yield later, and the GO was enforced in 1929. Implementation of this Roster of Opportunities during the 30s and 40s, opened up the Gates of Opportunities to many Non-brahmin Communities, but sadly resulted in a few dominant non-brahmin castes with wealth riches facilities advantages and their own powers, monopolising most of the Opportunities of Education and Jobs, for the Non-brahmin hindus.

Periyar EV Ramasamy Naicker, or Periyar EV Ramasamy, popularly known as EVeyRa, or EVR or Periyar, or Periyar EVR, or as EVR Periyar highlighted this new monopoly, and made a powerful Demand to allocate separate Share to the hindu Backward Castes. At last, in 1947, during the Time of the then Premier of the Madras Presidency – Omandur P Ramasamy Reddy, a friend of EVR Periyar, who held Periyar in high Esteem and Regard, Periyar EVR had his way.

A new Communal GO was issued in 1947, apportioning all the Positions afresh, in a Block of 14 Positions, to Six Categories of identified Communities –

1. Non-brahmin hindus 6 Positions 44 Percent

2. Backward Caste hindus 2 Positions 14 Percent

3. The brahmins 2 Positions 14 Percent

4. Depressed Castes (SCs) 2 Positions 14 Percent

5. Anglo-Indians and 1 Position 7 Percent

Christians

6. Muslims 1 Position 7 Percent

Total Jobs 14 Positions 100 Percent

Then also, it could be seen that, the brahmins got an high percentage of Opportunities – 14%, and they along with the Non-brahmin hindus, as a block of DCHs got away with a very high 58 % – 14 plus 44 percent. But they were all confined to only 8 Positions, 2+6 Positions out of 14 Positions, or more than half of the available Opportunities. Now it is the same 2% brahmins and their other 7 % DCH Friends and Lawyers, who are protesting and fighting against Reservations, particularly that for the OBCs, and demanding an unreasonable Cap of 50% to all Reservations. So unjust unreasonable and intolerable are the brahmins and the DCHs.

It was that Communal GO, which saw some SCs adorn High Offices and Positions, such as the Mayors of the Corporation of Madras, and in many other Important Positions, in the then Madras Presidency.

It was that same GO, which was Challenged in the Champagam vs State of Madras, and was Struck Down by the High Court of Madras, and the same negation was also upheld by the
Apex Court
in Delhi. The Case was that, a Girl named Champagam could not get a Medical Seat to get Admission in a Medical College for a MBBS Course in the State of Madras.

Interestingly, the Case Champagam vs State of Madras, was not filed by the concerned girl Champagam at all. But, it was done by the intolerant brahmin communities. It was that Intolerance of the brahmin communities, the brahmin leaders, the brahmin advocates and lawyers, the brahmin courts, and the brahmin judges, which Resulted in the First Constitutional Amendment, right in the Year 1951 itself. That, to the Constitution of India, adopted so solemnly with lots of Promises to the People of India, only on the 26th November 1949, and brought into right effect and Force wef 26th January 1950. Thus we see a clear pattern and sequence, in the series of brahmin intolerances, chain of subversive activities, and brahmanic sabotage against all the Social Development, Educational Progress, and Economic Growth of the Nation. Then, there can be no Doubt for the overall Backwardness of the Country.

Here we must also Note that, a similar Problem of a DCH handicapped MBBS Doctor, not Managing an Admission to an MD Course of Studies in Gujarat, triggered the Caste and anti-Reservation Protests in Gujarat, and other neighbouring States in the Eighties.

Those Anti-Reservation Protests ended, only with the shock waves produced by Meenakshipuram Conversions in Tamil Nadu, where a Couple of Families, both Men Women and Children, fed up with the caste hindu intolerance oppression and atrocities converted themselves to Islam, and became free Muslims. That, in fact reportedly spurred the then Prime Minister of India, Mrs Indira Gandhi, who had earlier empathised openly with the DCH Doctor, and the anti-Reservation Agitation; and had reportedly observed that Reservation is a Crutch, and that it had gone too far; to wakeup, and get into action. Thus, the then Prime Minister of India, Mrs Indira Gandhi, was forced to come out, at least in the Public, on to the sides of SCs and STs, and stand behind the Reservations for SCs&STs. Not only that, but it is reported that she called up many heads of the Religious Matts to do something for the SC&ST Dalits to keep them trapped within the so called hindu influence and under the brahmin control, and not let them go out towards the Muslims, or even the ways of Baba Saheb Dr BR Ambedkar. She feared that, while the first would strengthen the Pan-Islamic Movement across the World, the later would do more damage in weakening the brahmin power and survival. This had made many hindu religious matts take up some social health and educational programmes for SC&ST Dalits, with State Funds under the cover of promoting Peoples Movements, Voluntary Organisations and NGOs. Sadly that had not only kept the SC&ST Dalits, but many BCs also trapped under the control of brahmins with a dangerous fascist fundamental agenda, specially directed against all Minorities, particularly against the helpless poor Muslims in the Country.

The situation now appears to be very hopeless for the SC&ST Dalits, what with the widening differences between the SC Dalits and ST Dalits; the gaps between significant groups of ST Dalits in different States developing into big gulfs; dangerous cracks appearing amongst various ST Dalit Groups within various States; and the unsavoury rifts between adjacent SC Dalit Groups even in Cities and right in the Work Places, Govt Offices and Educational Institutions. Added to that are the deliberate silent steps taken by the DCH Officials Politicians, Political Parties to weaken Reservations and turn it redundant. Increasing Liberalisation Privatisation, in the name of Globalisation, Opening up of the Economy, and Structural Readjustment; dismantling of PSUs, Banks, Insurance, Industries etc; shrinking Employment in the Public Domain; and restricting Reservations and its Scope with various black negative Orders and Court Decisions.

posted December 19, 2007 08:49 AM              

Reservations and Competitions

Reservations ensure Competitions. And those who are against Reservations are scared of Reservations. They know pretty well that Reservations will soon end all their unfair Advantages! They are scared of the Competitions Reservations will bring in.

Without Reservations, how can one bring-in real Competitions in Education, Employment, Development, Innovations and Progress? Only Reservations can bring in SC&ST Dalits, carefully kept outside Education, Employment, Recognition and Development, and pit them against all the bogus and false brahmin brats and bitches. Only then, can we bring out the many Ekalavyas publicly into the open, and expose the weaknesses of not only the much media hyped brahmanic Arjuns, and their equally hollow brahmin Teachers like the evil Dronacharya. Had there been something like Reservations to pit against the Arjuns and Dronacharyas over the Ages, we would have had billions of Arjuns and millions and millions of Dronacharyas by now, to talk about, and really be proud of. Not the second rate Arjuna, and condemnable third rate evil individual like the Dronacharya as a model Teacher. What an horrible Model he was? We need not have had to woefully rely on only Arjuna Awards and Dronacharya Awards, and still be left with empty hands, returning with failures again and again, and shameless shame heaped on us always. Or, there would not have been any need to remember, only the second rated or failed Arjuns and Dronacharyas, as our best and the classic greats of all ages and times! Even our Times!!

Lack of any Competition had brought this Country to the present sorry State. Always looking up to the West or to Japan, now even to the Middle-East, South-East and China. Both for fresh products, improved products, new designs, better designs, and lower prices! With protected lives and enjoying without any competitions, the brahmins have been living comfortably amongst themselves, exploiting the poor and the workers, and eating out of the loans, gifts and aids of the West and Japan. They were always looking for designs technology developments and drawings from West and Japan, and Could not design even a small switch or produce a pin on their own. For, the brahmins can not work, and are always unwilling to work. In fact the brahmins do not know how to work, don’t have the mind to work. The brahmins don’t have the willingness to work, or have any knowledge of work. The brahmins neither have the skills to work, nor have the stamina to work.

One can always find a brahmin man or woman asking any individual working – Why are you working? It doesn’t like good! Why don’t you ask anyone else to work? Why don’t you engage someone to do the work? Thus, the brahmins not only shirk work always, but also discourage even others from working. They always look for someone else to do even the minimum of their work. Except for taking food and ablutions, they don’t do anything on their own. They always depend on others to do their work. They wait for others to get their works done, and also for their own personal needs, protection, survival and even food. As a result the brahmanic people have developed a culture that, they need at least a third rate servant, or send for some aid to even water the small plants in the pots, withering in their balconies. Their bodies don’t bend or cooperate, and they don’t have a mind to get up and fetch a pail of water, from the faucet in the nearby kitchen or bathroom. They are that lazy, or consider physical work as inferior. They not only look down at every work and worker, but badly denigrate and exploit the working classes as lesser species, far less than human beings. That is why, we don’t have any work culture, work ethics, or any improvements in skills design and quality of work.

Opposition to Reservations

There is a strong Lobby Opposing Reservations. Naturally they are dominated by brahmins, with most of the rest coming from other brahmanic classes like the DCHs – the dominant caste hindus. There may be some stupid arrogant dominant backward castes also who form part of the Lobby Opposing Reservations. The brahmins oppose Reservations vociferously and publicly because they are asked to, motivated instigated supported and financed by their brahmin and brahmanic elders, press, visual media of cinema, TV Discussions motivated structured Debates focussed News and so on.

The brahmanic brats and bitches under the cover and smokescreen of being students, are in the forefront of all Oppositions to Reservations, only because they want to have and continue to enjoy all that their elders parents and forefathers had stolen from the large numbers of poor small helpless and the weak, and still stealthily shamelessly unfairly unjustly and dishonestly cling to. And they are hopeful that their brahmanic elders in bureaucracy and courts will manage to bring sufficient forces and influences to bear on both the brahmanic politicians and weak-kneed backward and SC&ST Politicians to succumb to Pressure and back out, or provide extra and very undue compensations to them. that is why they come to the streets again and again, against some form of Justice being done to the Weaker Sections through some Reservations. And the brahmins shrewdly see that Reservations if really unleashed freely, will Roll out unstoppable, and Emerge as the Power of Governance. For, Reservation is Really Power and Governance. That is why the resistance and opposition. Power is never shared, allowed to slip out, and never given up. And Governance is never abdicated or given up. And Power and Governance in the hands of SC&ST Dalits, OBCs and Minorities can never be thought of, conceded and accepted.

B. RESERVATIONS IN EDUCATION

Reservations have produced whole lot of Original Thinkers, Eminent Engineers, Great Doctors, New Scientists etc from Weaker Sections.

Reservations in all Educational Institutions are necessary, as Education is for Teaching all People to Learn to Read, Write and New Skills, especially to Teach the Illiterate and Uneducated. Govts should concentrate on Educating the Poor and the Weak, with the best of the Schools. Those who oppose Education to the poor weak and helpless, have no business to come to Govt Institutions, and Talk against Reservations and other Weaker Sections. Education must really be made available for all. Whenever there are Shortage of Seats in Educational Institutions whether in Govt or Private, they must be divided and shared proportionately by every Region and Community in the Society, through appropriate Policies Procedures and Practices like Reservations.

Educational Institutions must actually be accessible only by the local people living and working in the area on a regular basis. Education generally, save for genuine exceptions, shall not be open for outsiders. That will otherwise open the gates to all those selfish and greedy elements, who keep fishing for opportunities to enter anywhere, and take personal private exclusive advantages of what they feel good or better Institutions. That will deny the opportunities hope and future of genuine local poor people, and affect their aspirations progress and future.

Education should never be allowed to be monopolised by any group of Students, Teachers or Communities

Monopoly in any Sector or Sphere of Life is anti-Democratic, anti-People and bode evil to the future of the Nation

Merrit, assumed Merit, conferred Merit, can be allowed to become the smokescreens for domination, appropriation and depriving the proportionate rights shares and dues of all the other Peoples

We need not produce geniuses wanting to prostrate before employers or foreign companies or other Countries, and are ready and willing to work for them

We must always be interested and promote, ordinary citizens compassionate and prepared to work with poor labourers in the Country, and for our ordinary farmers

Those who want to further Education to serve other countries and FMNCs to make more money, let them go to their own private institutions or abroad

Reservations in Education, as is elsewhere, are required as long as evil brahmins don’t change their fraudulent ways of life, and give up their practices of cheating and stealing

posted December 19, 2007 08:52 AM              

for

SC, ST, OBC, MINORITIES AND WOMEN

N Manohara Prasad

Govt of India at the Center, took up the task of the Nation as whole, with all seriousness, after Independance. Govt set up a Planning Commission at the Centre, amidst many opposition, resentments and criticisms. The Party in Power, Congress appeared to be fully committed for the Development of the Nation, Welfare of the Society as a whole, and all Sections of the Society. That appeared to be inevitable in a Democracy, and a Republic. Moreover, the Congress Party during the Freedom Movement and after, had been in all Public Statements, championing the cause of the Weaker Sections like the SCs&STs, Minorities, OBCs and Women. And Special Provisions had also been made in the Constitution, for the Development of the Poor and the Weak in the Country. Further, many specific Provisions have been incorporated in the Constitution for the Welfare, Development and Protection of different Weaker Sections of the Society, like SCs, STs, Minorities, OBCs and Women.

The Constitutional Promises and Guarantees, and Legal Protections for the SCs&STs were followed by the Congress Govts, with Reservations in Services. This has helped a good number of them in different regions to participate in different spheres of National Activities, Development, Administration and Governance, where Reservations have been allowed to operate.

The Scientific Socialistic Development and Justice oriented Modern Vision of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, and his choice to go in for Planned Development through Five-Year Plans, laid a great emphasis in Developing all the Weaker Sections. In addition, Special Programmes and Schemes were also taken for the Welfare, Growth and Development of many SCs, STs, Minorities, OBCs and Women from amongst them, as well as other Women. These helped, to improve the standards of the lives of the Weaker Sections, in a Nation where they were otherwise marginalised, neglected and oppressed, depending on the situation.

NEED FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE WEAKER SECTIONS – the SCs STs OBCs and MINORITIES

The SCs STs OBCs and Minorities, have been forced to remain as the Weaker Sections of India, and the Women confined or oppressed to be the most and multiply exploited sections of the Country, for nearly four millenniums. This bad situation, can not and should not continue anymore. Definitely not in the Twenty-first Century of the third millennium, in an age of fast travel and mass communication.

There is a need for the Govts to do something special and tangible, to free and liberate the Weaker Sections, from the cobwebs of oppression, marginalisation and backwardness. They have to be uplifted to the levels of normal human-beings of the World.

THE THEN PRIME MINISTER JAWAHARLAL NEHRU’S VIEWS

The need to Develop the Weaker Sections, and the sensitivity with which appropriate Policies have to be adopted, can be better appreciated by what Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of the Nation, wrote on 9th Oct 1958 regarding Development of the STs.

We can not allow matters to drift in the Tribal Areas, or just not take interest in them. In the World of today, that is not possible or desirable. At the same time, we should avoid over-administrating these areas, and in particular, sending too many outsiders into Tribal Territory.

It is between these two extreme positions that we have to function. Development in various ways there has to be, such as communications, medical facilities, education and better agriculture. These avenues of Development should, however, be pursued within the broad framework of the following five fundamental principles;

1. People should Develop along the lines of their own genius, and we should avoid imposing anything on them. We should try to Encourage in every way their own Traditional Arts and Culture.

2. Tribal Rights in Land and Forests should be respected

3. We should try to Train and Build up a team of their own people to do the work of Administration and Development. Some technical personnel from outside will, no doubt, be needed, especially in the beginning. But we should avoid introducing too many outsiders into tribal territory

4. We should not over-administer these areas, or overwhelm them with a multiplicity of Schemes. We should rather work through, and not in rivalry to, their own social and cultural institutions

5. We should judge results, not by statistics or the amount of money spent, but by the quality of human character that is evolved.

The above reflects the special sensitivity with which the then Prime Minister, approached the issue of Tribal Development. We should have by now developed adequate strategies for the Development of Scheduled Castes, OBCs, Minorities and Women. Special Strategies should have been evolved for the Women from SCs&STs, OBCs and Minority Communities, who suffer the most in the Country. Special steps should have been taken, particularly for the SC&ST Women, who were subjected to multiple exploitations as –

1. poor and helpless people

2. SCs&STs

3. at times as Minority Community SCs&STs, and

4. top of them all as easily vulnerable Women

Sadly, even today there are no special Cells in the Planning Commission even for the 260 million plus SCs&STs. How then can we really hope that, the Weaker Sections of the Country will ever be developed?

The Development of the Weaker Sections have to have a bearing on their Occupation, Problems, Requirements, Needs and Aspirations.

GOVTS’ EFFORTS TO DEVELOP WEAKER SECTIONS

General and overall Developmental Planning in the Country, was launched in 1951, in the form of Five-Year Plans. When the Five-Year Plans could not be finalised due to Political and other Considerations, Annual-plans were adopted. All these Plans, took into consideration the need to Develop the Poor and the Weaker Sections. It kept in view the concerns of the first Prime Minister of India, which was subsequently evolved as the Policy of the Govt and Planning Commission.

The First Five-Year Plan, during the years of 1951-56 believed in Trickle-Down Theory. It envisaged that Programmes under various sectors of Development would benefit all sections of Population including the Weaker Sections of Society. But sadly, this reliance failed and the expectations were belied. Benefits of Development never reached the poor and the weak, for obvious reasons. Hence, Special Programmes for the Backward Classes were formulated, especially and separately under the Backward Classes Sector, with a very Small Backward Class Division in Planning Commission, New Delhi. The Special Requirements of SCs&STs were particularly taken into account.

The Second Plan over the years 1956-61, was formulated with the promise to ensure that, Economic and Social Benefits of National Development would accrue to the Backward Classes also, and to the relatively much marginalised and less privileged SCs&STs. These were expected to bridge the gaps between the dominant castes and the weaker Sections on the one hand, and lift the neglected SCs&STs at least to near the levels of the Other Backward Classes. The important component of the Second Plan, were separate Tribal Development Plans, with respect and understanding of their Culture and Traditions. This was based on the Philosophy of Panchsheel for Tribal Area Administration and Development enunciated by the first Prime Minister of the Nation. During the Plan, 43 Special Multi-Purpose Tribal Blocks were opened, which later became Tribal development Blocks for about 25,000 Tribals as against the normal 65,000 per Block.

The Third Plan of the Years 1961-66 and the three Annual Plans during 1966-69, advocated Greater Equality of Opportunities, and reduction in the Economic Disparities and differences in Income and Wealth in the Society. Its thrust was towards even distribution of wealth, reduction of inequalities in the community, and levelling up the economic power of most sections of the society.

The Fourth Plan of 1969-74 envisaged, the Basic Goal of Rapid Increase in the Standard of Living of the People, through measures which also Promoted Equality and Social Justice. In 1971-71, six pilot-projects were set up in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, with a separate Tribal Development Agency for each Project.

The Fifth Plan during the Years 1974-79, was a watershed for the STs. In the Year 1975-76, Tribal Sub-Plan was launched, by keeping aside Plan Funds for the Development Scheduled Tribe Areas with exclusive allocations for specific and separate Programmes and Schemes for STs Welfare and Development. This approach, and its success was appropriately copied and adopted for the Welfare of SCs in the subsequent Plans.

The Annual Plan of 1979-80, saw the launching of the Special Component Plan for SCs so that they could also receive their due share of Plan Allocations and Benefits of Development from various Developmental Sectors. This facilitated convergence and pooling of available resources and Plan Allocations from every Sector to Develop the SCs in proportion to the SC Population in the Society.

The Sixth Plan 1980-85 continued with the SCP for SCs which became a significant feature of the Five-Year Plans, along with TSP for the STs. These facilitated monitoring and evaluation of the Development of both SCs and STs.

The Seventh Plan 1985-90, saw the strengthening of SCP and TSP, with the flow of funds from the State Plans, Central Plans and Special Central Assistance (SCA) and Institutional Finance, facilitating enlargement of infrastructures and expansion of their coverage to benefit more SCs&STs. In 1989, National SC&ST Finance Development Corporation (NSFDC) to provide loans to SCs&STs for taking up gainful and profitable self-employment productive activities, and business was established.

The Eighth Plan 1992-97, aimed at bridging the gap between the Development of the Weaker Sections and others, by the beginning of the Twenty-first Century.

The Ninth Plan 1997-2002 was said would Empower the Socially Disadvantaged Groups to become agents of Change and Development by themselves. It was expected to create an enabling Environment Conducive for SCs&STs, Minorities and OBCs to exercise their rights freely to enjoy all privileges, and lead a life with confidence and dignity at par with the rest of the society. Disparities were to be removed, exploitation and suppression eliminated, protection provided to the disadvantaged groups of Weaker Sections, such that benefits of Development would reach the unreached through Equitable Distribution and Social Justice. These it was said would facilitate the weaker sections not merely as beneficiaries but also as participants in the Planning and Implementation of the Developmental Process. It was expected that funds would also flow to Women of the Weaker Sections, for their Development.

posted December 19, 2007 08:54 AM              

DEVELOPMENT OF SCHEDULED CASTES AND SCHEDULED TRIBES

The basic need of the SCs&STs was to end their forced Segregation by the Caste System. The best Strategy that could be considered was Reservations for SCs&STs. Reserving the dues of SCs&STs to SCs&STs, was the only way to ensure their proportionate share in all walks of life. As a result of Baba Saheb’s Struggles, and his demands in the First and Second Round Table Conferences in 1930-32, the British agreed to provide some Reservations.

RESERVATIONS AVAILABLE

Today Reservations for the SCs&STs are available in –

1. Political Reservations in Parliament (Lower House of the People - Lok Sabha) and the State and UT Legislative Assemblies (Lower House of the People)

2. Reservations in Employment

3. Reservations in Education

4. Reservations for Economic Development

5. Some Reservations in Housing

POLITICAL RESERVATIONS for SCs&STs

Of these only Political Reservations, though time-bound are compulsory and inescapable, being a firm Constitutional Provision. This opened the way for the SCs&STs to participate in the Governance of the Country, directly to some extent possible, and force the Govts to take the Problems of SCs&STs seriously, and Plan for their Welfare and Development.

However, there are no Reservations for SCs in the Upper Houses in the Centre and the States. As a result, the Representation of SCs&STs in the Upper Houses are still poor. There is a need to introduce Reservations for SCs&STs in Rajya Sabha in Parliament, and Legislative Councils in the States.

RESERVATION IN EMPLOYMENT FOR SCs&STs

and to OBCs at the time of making Appointments.

Reservation in Employment, though without any time-limit, is only an enabling Provision in the Constitution, that also in Public Services. It is therefore left to the discretion of the Bureaucrats, Governments, Parliament and Legislative Assemblies. This was the Most Effective Programme for the Development of SC&ST Communities.

Reservation in Employment is a means for Community Participation in the Governance of the Country through Administration, its Executive Functions, and Decision making roles for day to day business of the Govts. It should not be - as it is often prone to – mixed with the Development of any Individual or family. It should not be seen just as a means of Employment, for getting a respectable and regular income as wages pay and allowances or salary every month. Yes, Employment of the Individuals are incidental to reservations in services. From 1990, Reservations for OBCs at the time of making Appointments had been introduced. It was challenged vehemently in all Political Fora, in every possible manner in Society, in the educational Institutions, and in the Streets. Hence the Govt of India, mad compensatory Reservations in favour of the poor amongst the dominant castes. In spite of this, the decision of the Govt in introducing Reservations for the OBCs in the matters of Appointments was challenged in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court finally in its Judgement in 1992, upheld the Reservations for OBCs, at the time of making Appointments. But, they set aside the compensatory Reservations for the Poor amongst all other Dominant Sections of the Society.

Employment of an individual, is the best and direct method of Developing the Individual, family, the larger family associated with the person to a large extent, and the section and area of the community from where the individual hails, to a certain extent. For, it helps to provide a decent and regular income over a period of 30 to 40 years, depending upon the age of the individual at the time of recruitment and employment, and type of job employment and retirement age. And it provides encouragement, facilitates guidance and incentives for others around to study and seek better and higher employment. Therefore, it is suggested that SC&ST Institutions, should directly employ SCs&STs as much as possible, as it is in the case of other Minority Institutions.

AVAILABLE PROGRAMMES AND SCHEMES

Govt has come up, from time to time, with a number of Schemes and Programmes for the Weaker Sections. They are –

LONG-TERM PROGRAMMES

1. Education

a) Special Schools for STs, SCs, Minorities and Girl Children

b) Residential and Ashram Schools

c) Freeships, Scholarships, Fellowships and Bank Loans at Low Interest

d) Girls’ Hostels for STs, SCs, OBCs and Minorities

e) Colleges and Hostels for Women

f) Working Women’s Hostels

2. Distribution of Surplus Land to SCs&STs

3. Reservation in Education

4. Reservation in Jobs for SCs&STs and OBCs

5. Reservations in Job Promotions for SCs&STs

SHORT-TERM PROGRAMMES

1. Bank-Loans for Higher Education

2. Creation of Community Assets

3. Infrastructure Building

POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES

1. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)

2. Drought Prone Areas Programme (DPAP)

3. Multi-Purpose Tribal Development Blocks

4. Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojna (JGSY)

5. Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana 2000-01 (PMGY)

6. Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana – Gramin Awas (PMGY – Gramin Awas)

7. Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana – Rural Drinking Water Project (PMGY- RDWP)

8. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana 2000 (PMGSY)

9. Antyodaya Anna Yojana 20001 (AAY)

10. Annapurna 2000

11. Indira Awass Yojana (IAY)

12. Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana 2001 (VAMBAY)

INCOME GENERATING SCHEMES

1. National Rural Employment Programme (NREP)

2. Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP)

3. Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM)

4. Village and Small Industries (VSL)

5. Minimum Needs Programme (MNP)

6. Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS)

7. Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana 1999 (SGSY)

8. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojna 2001 (SGRY with EAS and JGSY integrated)

9. Jai Prakash Rozgar Guarantee Yojana (JPRGY)

10. Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)

GAPS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION of PAP and IGS

posted December 19, 2007 08:58 AM              

here r the stats

USA Ranking on Adult Literacy Scale: #9
(#1 Sweden and #2 Norway)- OECD

USA Ranking on Healthcare Quality Index: #37
(#1 France and #2 Italy)- World Health Organization 2003

USA Ranking of Student Reading Ability: #12
(#1 Finland and #2 South Korea)- OECD PISA 2003

USA Ranking of Student Problem Solving Ability: #26
(#1 South Korea and #2 Finland)- OECD PISA 2003

USA Ranking on Student Mathematics Ability: # 24
(#1 Hong Kong and #2 Finland)- OECD PISA 2003

USA Ranking of Student Science Ability: #19
(#1 Finland and #2 Japan)- OECD PISA 2003

posted December 19, 2007 11:25 AM            

I don't think I need to prove there is...still...in spite of expressed government policy on the subject.

I also don't think it's any secret what
form(s) discrimination against so called lower caste individuals takes.

You should learn to pick your battles more carefully. Choose battles you could possible win.

In case you hadn't noticed, there's a black Associate Justice on the US Supreme Court, a former black Secretary of State...along with a current black SecState. Not to mention racial and ethnic minorities scattered all through the US government, including the Executive branch.

In case you're wondering, this thread was started specifically because there were some...from other nations, including India...who were dumping on the United States, magnifying every problem and inventing problems where they couldn't find existing problems about which to rip America.

Just so there's no mistake, wherever you happen to live in the world, there are problems there. If you insist on exercising your right to describe all the problems you see in the US; I will feel free to return the favor.

posted December 20, 2007 01:30 AM              

Should I get the impression you are attempting to DENY there is a caste system across a broad spectrum of Indian society?

""

so now there is ur selective Amnesia

here is a recap

""

Who would think in the 21st century that in a nation whose people consider themselves "civilized" that rape torture, murder, slavery, repression and oppression of every type imaginable would continue as an institutionalized way of life.""

what do u consider a broad spectrum of indian society ??

and please explain what dictionary of farts did ur phrase " institutionalized way of life" come from ??

"
I don't think I need to prove there is...still...in spite of expressed government policy on the subject."

because u are a dalit bearing the brunt of caste system living here in India ??

"
You should learn to pick your battles more carefully. Choose battles you could possible win.

"

or what ?

ur replies to any posts in my thread or anyone else who dare shed light on the mess that is the american administration are nothing more than a kid screaming at the wise man who tells him Santa Claus isnt REAL

man i fear for my life

posted December 20, 2007 01:32 AM              

""
In case you hadn't noticed, there's a black Associate Justice on the US Supreme Court, a former black Secretary of State...along with a current black SecState. Not to mention racial and ethnic minorities scattered all through the US government, including the Executive branch.

""

uh well i didnt question the population of colored americans, the social conditions.
and well the proportion of blacks in politics or commerce to Whites or even to the dalits and lower caste in Inida is a joke .

why skirt around like a Bull- Fighter.
why not address the failure of american admisitration when it comes to the colored minorities, they r the Dalits of America.

why r u tolerating the sponsorship by ur heart candy Bush of an army dictatorship, which if u google on , u will realise are guilty of
" rape torture, murder, slavery, repression and oppression of every type imaginable would continue as an institutionalized way of life."

and are u blind to the oppresion of the colored r4aces. did u miss the crime data i had posted ,

here is a guru tip :

Read all posts

TRY to comprehend all posts

have the Balls to reply to all posts that shatter ur delusion of a perfect society.

posted December 20, 2007 01:34 AM              

""

the name of this forum is " Global Unity "

if u dont think u are a global citizen and
if u cant stand global discussion on ur country as well as that on others, start
ur own

" Intolerant Non- Global Americans for American Pride"

i have no problems to ur raising our problems, i might add a few points of my own.

if U cant stand the heat, get out of the kitchen

posted December 21, 2007 11:46 AM            

Sorry, no sale.

Everything I posted on this thread is easily found on internet search engines...not hard to find at all.

If you wish to highlight what I had to say, fine with me. I considered the matter dropped...because the heckling, posturing and lecturing had stopped. You wanna start it up again??? I doubt I've even scratched the surface.